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For example, in the first stage (infancy), the psychosocial crisis was "Trust vs. Mistrust" with Trust being the "syntonic quotient" and Mistrust being the "dystonic". Joan Erikson applies the earlier psychosocial crises to the ninth stage as follows: "Basic Mistrust vs. Trust: Hope"
Hope, Basic trust vs. basic mistrust—This stage covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the most fundamental stage of life, as this is the stage that all other ones build on. Whether the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components.
Trust vs. mistrust: Mistrust of others II. Early childhood (ages 1–3) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Doubt in oneself and mistrust in environment III. Play age (ages 3–5) Initiative vs. guilt: Overdeveloped conscience which prevents independent action; excessive guilt IV. School age (ages 5–10) Industry vs. inferiority
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory. v. t. e. A low-trust society is defined as one in which interpersonal trust is relatively low, and shared ethical values are lacking. [1] Conversely, a high-trust society is one where interpersonal trust is relatively high, and where ethical values are strongly shared.
The first stage, "Trust vs. Mistrust", takes place in infancy. The positive virtue for the first stage is hope, in the infant learning whom to trust and having hope for a supportive group of people to be there for him/her. The second stage is "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" with the positive virtue being will.
For example, elderly adults confronting increasing physical and mental declines may lose trust in their own ability to care for themselves. They are facing a crisis similar to the trust vs. mistrust experienced in stage one.
In the social sciences, the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research. In sociology and psychology, the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of belief in the honesty, fairness, or benevolence of another party. The term "confidence" is more appropriate for a belief in the competence of the other party.
Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. The Stages Infancy (birth to 18 months) • Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust Developing trust is the first task of the ego, and it is never complete.