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  2. Mineral rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights

    The five elements of a mineral right are: [ 9] The right to use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to access the minerals. The right to further convey rights. The right to receive bonus consideration [ 10] The right to receive delay rentals [ 11] The right to receive royalties.

  3. Fractional crystallization (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In essence, fractional crystallization is the removal of early formed crystals from an originally homogeneous magma (for example, by gravity settling) so that these crystals are prevented from further reaction with the residual melt. [ 3] The composition of the remaining melt becomes relatively depleted in some components and enriched in others ...

  4. Bowen's reaction series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen's_reaction_series

    Bowen's reaction series. Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen, [ 1] who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e ...

  5. Igneous differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_differentiation

    Igneous differentiation. In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption. The sequence of (usually increasingly silicic) magmas produced by igneous differentiation is ...

  6. Fractional coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_coordinates

    In crystallography, a fractional coordinate system (crystal coordinate system) is a coordinate system in which basis vectors used to the describe the space are the lattice vectors of a crystal (periodic) pattern. The selection of an origin and a basis define a unit cell, a parallelotope (i.e., generalization of a parallelogram (2D) or ...

  7. Fractional distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation

    The Jabirian experiments with fractional distillation of animal and vegetable substances, and to a lesser degree also of mineral substances, formed the main topic of the De anima in arte alkimiae, an originally Arabic work falsely attributed to Avicenna that was translated into Latin and would go on to form the most important alchemical source ...

  8. More Developers Quietly Keeping Mineral Rights Under ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/2013-10-09-more-developers...

    The Fort Worth, Texas, company has separated the mineral rights from tens of thousands of homes in states where shale plays are either well under way or possible, including North Carolina, Alabama ...

  9. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    Crystallization. In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a stage-wise separation technique that relies on the liquid-solid phase change. It fractionates via differences in crystallization temperature and enables the purification of multi-component mixtures, as long as none of the constituents can act as solvents to the others.