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Renal physiology ( Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small ...
Anatomical diagram of RAS [ 1] The renin–angiotensin system ( RAS ), or renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system ( RAAS ), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. [ 2][ 3] When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor ...
Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that increases the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid) and causes arterial ...
Angiotensin-converting enzyme ( EC 3.4.15.1 ), or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Therefore, ACE indirectly increases blood pressure by causing ...
Kidney (vertebrates) The kidneys are a pair of organs of the excretory system in vertebrates, which maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in the body ( osmoregulation ), filter the blood, remove metabolic waste products, and, in many vertebrates, also produce hormones (in particular, renin) and maintain blood pressure.
The kidneys are susceptible to toxic injury, since toxins are reabsorbed in the tubules along with most of the filtered substances. The kidneys are able to restore their functionality after acute injury, but it also can progress into chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterised by loss of function of the kidney tissues, and ...
Excretory system. The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the ...
The underside and head of a female spider. Spiders, unlike insects, have only two main body parts ( tagmata) instead of three: a fused head and thorax (called a cephalothorax or prosoma) and an abdomen (also called an opisthosoma ). The exception to this rule are the assassin spiders in the family Archaeidae, whose cephalothorax is divided into ...