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Politics of Poland. The government of Poland takes the form of a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. [1] [2] However, its form of government has also been identified as semi-presidential. [3] [4] [5] [6]
The Russian Empire is shown in light green. Congress Poland [a] or Congress Kingdom of Poland, [3] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, [b] was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon 's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established when the French ceded a part of Polish territory ...
a 8% for coalitions, 0% for ethnic minority electoral committees. The Sejm ( English: / seɪm /, Polish: [sɛjm] ⓘ ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland . The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish ...
e. From 1989 through 1991, Poland engaged in a democratic transition which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the Third Polish Republic ( Polish: III Rzeczpospolita Polska ), following the First and Second Polish Republic. After ten years of democratic consolidation, Poland ...
Parliament of Poland. a Open-list proportional representation in 41 constituencies (5% national electoral threshold, 8% national electoral threshold for coalitions). The parliament of Poland is the bicameral legislature of Poland. It is composed of an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the Sejm ). Both houses are accommodated in the ...
Poland is a middle power and is transitioning into a regional power in Europe. [215] [216] It has a total of 52 representatives in the European Parliament as of 2022. [217] Warsaw serves as the headquarters for Frontex , the European Union's agency for external border security as well as ODIHR , one of the principal institutions of the OSCE .
The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Marxist–Leninist regime in Poland after the end of World War II. These years, while featuring general industrialization, urbanization and many improvements in the standard of living, [a1] were marred by early Stalinist repressions, social unrest, political strife and severe economic ...
The Constitution of Poland, which is in force, was ratified on 2 April 1997. The Constitution is also commonly referred to as the 1997 Constitution. It replaced the Small Constitution of 1992, the last amended version of the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, known from December 1989 as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.