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The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4] It is different from the more general practice effect, defined in the APA Dictionary of ...
Coolidge effect. Crespi effect. Cross-race effect. Curse of knowledge. Diderot effect. Dunning–Kruger effect. Einstellung effect. Endowment effect. Face superiority effect.
t. e. The forward testing effect, also known as test potentiated new learning, is a psychological learning theory which suggests that testing old information can improve learning of new information. [ 1] Unlike traditional learning theories in educational psychology which have established the positive effect testing has when later attempting to ...
Flynn effect. The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn (1934–2020). [ 1][ 2] When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of ...
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon[ 1] or creeping determinism, [ 2] is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. [ 3][ 4] After an event has occurred, people often believe that they could have predicted or perhaps even known with a high degree of certainty ...
Greater likelihood of recalling recent, nearby, or otherwise immediately available examples, and the imputation of importance to those examples over others. Bizarreness effect: Bizarre material is better remembered than common material. Boundary extension: Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the ...
A psychological test is often designed to measure unobserved constructs, also known as latent variables. Psychological tests can include a series of tasks, problems to solve, and characteristics (e.g., behaviors, symptoms) the presence of which the respondent affirms/denies to varying degrees. Psychological tests can include questionnaires and ...
The Stanford marshmallow experiment was a study on delayed gratification in 1970 led by psychologist Walter Mischel, a professor at Stanford University. [ 1] In this study, a child was offered a choice between one small but immediate reward, or two small rewards if they waited for a period of time. During this time, the researcher left the ...