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The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple[ 1] or Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower[ 2] and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply pyramid puzzle[ 3]) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of various diameters, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks stacked on ...
Water pouring puzzle. Starting state of the standard puzzle; a jug filled with 8 units of water, and two empty jugs of sizes 5 and 3. The solver must pour the water so that the first and second jugs both contain 4 units, and the third is empty. Water pouring puzzles (also called water jug problems, decanting problems, [1] [2] measuring puzzles ...
From this, S now knows that of the possible pairs based on the sum (viz. 2+15, 3+14, 4+13, 5+12, 6+11, 7+10, 8+9) only one has a product that would allow P to deduce the answer, that being 4 + 13. The reader can then deduce the only possible solution based on the fact that S was able to determine it.
The apparent triangles formed from the figures are 13 units wide and 5 units tall, so it appears that the area should be S = 13×5 / 2 = 32.5 units. However, the blue triangle has a ratio of 5:2 (=2.5), while the red triangle has the ratio 8:3 (≈2.667), so the apparent combined hypotenuse in each figure is actually bent.
However, all four of the land masses in the original problem are touched by an odd number of bridges (one is touched by 5 bridges, and each of the other three is touched by 3). Since, at most, two land masses can serve as the endpoints of a walk, the proposition of a walk traversing each bridge once leads to a contradiction.
In the earliest known occurrence of this problem, in the medieval manuscript Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes, the three objects are a wolf, a goat, and a cabbage, but other cosmetic variations of the puzzle also exist, such as: wolf, sheep, and cabbage; [4] [2], p. 26 fox, chicken, and grain; [5] fox, goose and corn; [6] and panther, pig, and ...
Four fours. Four fours is a mathematical puzzle, the goal of which is to find the simplest mathematical expression for every whole number from 0 to some maximum, using only common mathematical symbols and the digit four. No other digit is allowed. Most versions of the puzzle require that each expression have exactly four fours, but some ...
The problem concerns two envelopes, each containing an unknown amount of money. The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a paradox in probability theory. It is of special interest in decision theory and for the Bayesian interpretation of probability theory. It is a variant of an older problem known as the necktie paradox .