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  2. Bootstrapping (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)

    The bootstrap sample is taken from the original by using sampling with replacement (e.g. we might 'resample' 5 times from [1,2,3,4,5] and get [2,5,4,4,1]), so, assuming N is sufficiently large, for all practical purposes there is virtually zero probability that it will be identical to the original "real" sample. This process is repeated a large ...

  3. Bootstrap (front-end framework) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end...

    Bootstrap (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML, CSS and (optionally) JavaScript -based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components. As of May 2023, Bootstrap is the 17th most starred ...

  4. Temporal paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_paradox

    Temporal paradox. A temporal paradox, time paradox, or time travel paradox, is a paradox, an apparent contradiction, or logical contradiction associated with the idea of time travel or other foreknowledge of the future. While the notion of time travel to the future complies with the current understanding of physics via relativistic time ...

  5. Multimodal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal_distribution

    A bivariate, multimodal distribution. Figure 4. A non-example: a unimodal distribution, that would become multimodal if conditioned on either x or y. In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution).

  6. Modal verb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb

    A modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice. Modal verbs generally accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content. [ 1] In English, the modal verbs commonly used ...

  7. S5 (modal logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(modal_logic)

    S5 (modal logic) In logic and philosophy, S5 is one of five systems of modal logic proposed by Clarence Irving Lewis and Cooper Harold Langford in their 1932 book Symbolic Logic. It is a normal modal logic, and one of the oldest systems of modal logic of any kind. It is formed with propositional calculus formulas and tautologies, and inference ...

  8. Modal logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic

    Modal logic. Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. It plays a major role in philosophy and related fields as a tool for understanding concepts such as knowledge, obligation, and causation. For instance, in epistemic modal logic, the formula can be used to represent the statement that is known.

  9. Modality (semantics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)

    The set of propositions which forms the basis of evaluation is called the modal base. The result of the evaluation is called the modal force . [ 2 ] : 649 For example, the utterance in (4) expresses that, according to what the speaker has observed, it is necessary to conclude that John has a rather high income: