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www .nitrd .gov. The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program consists of a group of U.S. federal agencies to research and develop information technology (IT) capabilities to empower Federal missions; support U.S. science, engineering, and technology leadership; and bolster U.S. economic competitiveness.
A mindmap of ICTs. Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications [1] and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit ...
v. t. e. Information technology ( IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, and data and information processing, and storage. [ 1] IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT). [ 2] An information technology system ( IT system) is generally an information system, a ...
1. Physical layer. The Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) model is a reference model from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection." [ 2] In the OSI reference model, the communications between systems are split ...
Distributed computing. Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems, defined as computer systems whose inter-communicating components are located on different networked computers. [ 1][ 2] The components of a distributed system communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another ...
Routing calculates good paths through a network for information to take. For example, from node 1 to node 6 the best routes are likely to be 1-8-7-6, 1-8-10-6 or 1-9-10-6, as these are the shortest routes. Routing is the process of selecting network paths to carry network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including ...
Network File System ( NFS) is a distributed file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1984, [ 1] allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a computer network much like local storage is accessed. NFS, like many other protocols, builds on the Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC ...
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or actors as links (or edges ).