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Excess supply. In economics, an excess supply, economic surplus [ 1] market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, [ 2] and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish ...
A good's price elasticity of demand ( , PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good ( law of demand ), but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent ...
Price discrimination. Price discrimination is a microeconomic pricing strategy where identical or largely similar goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider in different market segments. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Price discrimination is distinguished from product differentiation by the more substantial difference in production cost ...
Taxation. Taxes and subsidies change the price of goods and, as a result, the quantity consumed. There is a difference between an ad valorem tax and a specific tax or subsidy in the way it is applied to the price of the good. In the end levying a tax moves the market to a new equilibrium where the price of a good paid by buyers increases and ...
Taxation. A Pigouvian tax (also spelled Pigovian tax) is a tax on any market activity that generates negative externalities (i.e., external costs incurred by third parties that are not included in the market price). A Pigouvian tax is a method that tries to internalize negative externalities to achieve the Nash equilibrium and optimal Pareto ...
In economics, elasticity measures the responsiveness of one economic variable to a change in another. [1] If the price elasticity of the demand of something is -2, a 10% increase in price causes the quantity demanded to fall by 20%. Elasticity in economics provides an understanding of changes in the behavior of the buyers and sellers with price ...
Moreover, the negative effects of price wars on companies can extend beyond the short term, as the companies involved may struggle to recover their lost profits and maintain their market share. [4] Firms may be cautious when engaging in price wars as this competition can lead to prices that are unsustainable for long-term profitability. [5]
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allocation of capital and ...