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PS-99 Karachi East-I (2018–2023) PS-97 Karachi East-I ( پی ایس-97، کراچی مشرقی-1) is a constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh. [2] [3]
Astronomy portal. v. t. e. The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy. the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM. ordinary matter. It is referred to as the standard model of ...
The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology. In 1964, US physicist Arno Allan Penzias and radio-astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background (CMB) , estimating its temperature as 3.5 K, as they experimented with the Holmdel Horn Antenna .
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Using the values known in 2018 and Planck units for Ω Λ = 0.6889 ± 0.0056 and the Hubble constant H 0 = 67.66 ± 0.42 (km/s)/Mpc = (2.192 7664 ± 0.0136) × 10 −18 s −1, Λ has the value of = = = where is the Planck length. A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure, and vice versa.
These problems are solved by cosmic inflation which has . Measuring the equation of state of dark energy is one of the largest efforts of observational cosmology . By accurately measuring w {\displaystyle w} , it is hoped that the cosmological constant could be distinguished from quintessence which has w ≠ − 1 {\displaystyle w eq -1} .
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. [ 1]
In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the substantial disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density (the small value of the cosmological constant) and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory . Depending on the Planck energy cutoff and other ...