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A reflux episode is defined as esophageal pH drops below four. Esophageal pH monitoring is performed for 24 or 48 hours and at the end of recording, a patient's tracing is analyzed and the results are expressed using six standard components. Of these 6 parameters, a pH score called Composite pH Score or DeMeester Score has been calculated ...
Based on the cause [ 1] Frequency. ~33% of women (at some point) [ 4] Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva. [ 4][ 5] Symptoms may include itching, burning, pain, discharge, and a bad smell. [ 1] Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy.
Aerobic vaginitis. Aerobic vaginitis ( AV) is a form of vaginitis first described by Donders et al. in 2002. [1] [2] It is characterized by a more or less severe disruption of the lactobacillary flora, along with inflammation, atrophy, and the presence of a predominantly aerobic microflora, composed of enteric commensals or pathogens. [3]
Atrophic vaginitis may be caused by tissue thinning, loss of elasticity, and loss of vaginal fluids from low estrogen levels. [ 5] Normally, estrogen helps the vagina shed old cells, which are then converted into lactic acid by good bacteria. [ 15] This keeps the vagina's pH acidic and healthy. [ 15]
A high vaginal swab ( HVS) is a medical procedure performed in obstetrics and gynaecology to test vaginal discharge for the presence of vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis. [ 1][ 2][ 3] It is carried out in clean conditions, by a healthcare professional who uses a speculum to look at the cervix and vagina.
A pH greater than 4.5 is considered alkaline and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis. [citation needed] The presence of clue cells on wet mount. Similar to the whiff test, the test for clue cells is performed by placing a drop of sodium chloride solution on a slide containing vaginal discharge. If present, clue cells can be visualized under a ...
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan that infects humans in industrialized countries. [ 2] Infection rates in men and women are similar but women are usually symptomatic, while infections ...
The Nugent Score is a Gram stain scoring system for vaginal swabs to diagnose bacterial vaginosis (BV).The Nugent score is calculated by assessing for the presence of large Gram-positive rods (Lactobacillus morphotypes; decrease in Lactobacillus scored as 0 to 4), small Gram-variable rods (Gardnerella vaginalis morphotypes; scored as 0 to 4), and curved Gram-variable rods (Mobiluncus spp ...