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The idle line state is when the device is connected to the host with a pull-up on either D+ (for full speed USB 1.x) or D− (for low speed USB 1.x), with transmitter output on both host and device is set to high impedance (hi-Z) (disconnected output). A USB device pulls one of the data lines high with a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
The throughput of each USB port is determined by the slower speed of either the USB port or the USB device connected to the port. High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. There may be one translator per hub or per port.
In USB 3.0, dual-bus architecture is used to allow both USB 2.0 (Full Speed, Low Speed, or High Speed) and USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed) operations to take place simultaneously, thus providing backward compatibility. The structural topology is the same, consisting of a tiered star topology with a root hub at level 0 and hubs at lower levels to provide ...
USB4 ( Universal Serial Bus 4 ), sometimes erroneously referred to as USB 4.0, is the most recent technical specification of the USB (Universal Serial Bus) data communication standard. The USB Implementers Forum originally announced USB4 in 2019. USB4 enables multiple devices to dynamically share a single high-speed data link.
For example, a USB 2 PCIe host controller card that presents 4 USB "Standard A" connectors typically presents one 4-port EHCI and two 2-port OHCI controllers to system software. When a high-speed USB device is attached to any of the 4 connectors, the device is managed through one of the 4 root hub ports of the EHCI controller.
USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost.
To allow high-speed (USB 2.0) devices to operate in their fastest mode, all hubs between the devices and the computer must be high-speed. High-speed devices should fall back to full-speed (USB 1.1) when plugged into a full-speed hub (or connected to an older full-speed computer port). While high-speed hubs can communicate at all device speeds ...
InterChip USB ( IC-USB ), sometimes referred to as USB-IC or Inter-chip USB, is an addendum to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) USB 2.0 specification. IC-USB is intended as a low-power variant of the standard physical USB interface, intended for direct chip-to-chip communications. The IC-USB bus's maximum length of 10 cm results in a lower ...