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As the name implies the curl is a measure of how much nearby vectors tend in a circular direction. In Einstein notation, the vector field has curl given by: where = ±1 or 0 is the Levi-Civita parity symbol . For a tensor field of order k > 1, the tensor field of order k is defined by the recursive relation where is an arbitrary constant vector.
Distributive property. In mathematics, the distributive property of binary operations is a generalization of the distributive law, which asserts that the equality is always true in elementary algebra . For example, in elementary arithmetic, one has Therefore, one would say that multiplication distributes over addition .
In elementary algebra, FOIL is a mnemonic for the standard method of multiplying two binomials [1] —hence the method may be referred to as the FOIL method. The word FOIL is an acronym for the four terms of the product: The general form is. Note that a is both a "first" term and an "outer" term; b is both a "last" and "inner" term, and so forth.
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, matrix multiplication is a binary operation that produces a matrix from two matrices. For matrix multiplication, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The resulting matrix, known as the matrix product, has the number of rows of the ...
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more ...
Trace (linear algebra) In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr (A), [1] is defined to be the sum of elements on the main diagonal (from the upper left to the lower right) of A. The trace is only defined for a square matrix ( n × n ). In mathematical physics texts, if tr (A) = 0 then the matrix is said to be traceless.
For each nonnegative integer n, given a sequence (, …,) of n elements of R, one can define the product = = recursively: let P 0 = 1 and let P m = P m−1 a m for 1 ≤ m ≤ n. As a special case, one can define nonnegative integer powers of an element a of a ring: a 0 = 1 and a n = a n −1 a for n ≥ 1 .