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2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Reverse osmosis ( RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria ), and is used ...

3. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening. Idealized image of water softening process involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation-exchange resin. Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is ...

4. Reverse osmosis plant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis_plant

   Reverse osmosis plant. A reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant where the process of reverse osmosis takes place. Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination, wastewater ...

5. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water that is fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption ( drinking water ), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of ...

6. Osmotic pressure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure

   Osmotic pressure is the basis of filtering ("reverse osmosis"), a process commonly used in water purification. The water to be purified is placed in a chamber and put under an amount of pressure greater than the osmotic pressure exerted by the water and the solutes dissolved in it.

7. Multi-stage flash distillation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation

   High grade water recycling. Wave-powered desalination. Multi-stage flash distillation ( MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages.