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2. Property (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(mathematics)

   In mathematics, a property is any characteristic that applies to a given set. Rigorously, a property p defined for all elements of a set X is usually defined as a function p: X → {true, false}, that is true whenever the property holds; or, equivalently, as the subset of X for which p holds; i.e. the set {x | p(x) = true}; p is its indicator function.

3. Commutative property - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property

   In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more ...

4. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

   The concept of proof is formalized in the field of mathematical logic. [ 12] A formal proof is written in a formal language instead of natural language. A formal proof is a sequence of formulas in a formal language, starting with an assumption, and with each subsequent formula a logical consequence of the preceding ones.

5. Associative property - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_property

   Associative property. In mathematics, the associative property[ 1] is a property of some binary operations that means that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs .

6. Measure (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)

   Measure (mathematics) Informally, a measure has the property of being monotone in the sense that if is a subset of the measure of is less than or equal to the measure of Furthermore, the measure of the empty set is required to be 0. A simple example is a volume (how big an object occupies a space) as a measure.

7. List of axioms - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_axioms

   Dirac–von Neumann axioms. Fundamental axiom of analysis ( real analysis) Gluing axiom ( sheaf theory) Haag–Kastler axioms ( quantum field theory) Huzita's axioms ( origami) Kuratowski closure axioms ( topology) Peano's axioms ( natural numbers) Probability axioms. Separation axiom ( topology)

8. Proportion (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion_(mathematics)

   Proportion (mathematics) A proportion is a mathematical statement expressing equality of two ratios. [ 1][ 2] a and d are called extremes, b and c are called means . Proportion can be written as , where ratios are expressed as fractions . Such a proportion is known as geometrical proportion, [ 3] not to be confused with arithmetical proportion ...

9. Golden ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

   The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer. It has minimal polynomial. This quadratic polynomial has two roots, and. The golden ratio is also closely related to the polynomial. which has roots and As the root of a quadratic polynomial, the golden ratio is a constructible number.